Activity 1.1.1.

1. Define civil engineering
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, like bridges, roads, canals, dams, and buildings
2. Define architecture.
The art and science of designing and erecting buildings
3. Describe the origination of the concept of architecture?
They were built more as a craft or a need people just now call it architecture
4. In ancient times how were building materials chosen?
Based on where there was most of the material
5. Give two examples of vernacular architecture.
Igloos and Indian Huts
6. Name and describe the type of system used to create many early buildings.
Neolithic architecture was used to create some of the oldest structures. They were made of stone and sometimes rudimentary mortar perhaps consisting of mud or something similar
7. What was the purpose of the Egyptian pyramids? Mexican pyramids?
Egyptian pyramids were made for religious purpose because they were used as tombs for their rulers or rich people Mexican were for sacrifice.
8. What kind of construction method was used to build the Parthenon? Make a simple sketch to illustrate.
It was a series of posts and horizontal beams set on one another it was called Post and Lintel construction.

9. What problem in architecture led to this form of construction?
It could hold up a lot more and was safer
10. Explain how an arch is created.
Blocks are cut at angles and set on top of one another and at the top in the middle there is a stone that holds it which is called the key stone and that holds it all together.
11. How is the vault used in civil engineering?
Vaults, are long arch ways or series of arches, that make tunnels or halls
12. Give an example of an arch and dome system.
A train tunnel or
13. Give an example of a modern material we have that was not available to the ancients. How did this restrict construction in ancient times?
We have medal work that we use to make iron beams to strengthen structures and we have equipment that we can use
14. What was the purpose of the Roman aqueducts?
To bring fresh water to the people so they didn’t have to go to the water
15. Compare ancient Greek roads to ancient Roman roads.
Greek roads were slits in the road normally just dirt Roman was made of stone or brick
16. Describe an ancient Roman bridge.
First large and lasting bridges built made of stone and had strong arch systems for support
17. How did building materials and methods change after the Romans?
People started to stay put so the materials were what they could find near them or what people would bring to them
Conclusion
1. Give an example of a modern pyramid not shown in the presentation. How does its function differ from that of the Egyptian pyramids? What do you think accounts for this difference?
The pyramid in Vegas it is a hotel people live in them not die…
2. Give an example of a modern structure that uses an arch and dome system.
The RCA Dome was or the Golden Gate Bridge



3. What is the main purpose of modern roads? How is the cost of modern roadways defrayed?
So people could get from one place to another and it is based on the material used